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Shep-en-Isis and the thorny question of repatriation

24.03.2023 – DENISE LACHAT

Cultural treasures give nations a sense of identity – which is why stolen cultural property is an emotive issue, not least with regard to the colonial empires of the past. Questions also surround cultural artefacts held in Switzerland. One controversy relates to the remains of an Egyptian mummy in St Gallen.

Amid the sumptuous baroque setting of the St Gallen Abbey Library, one of the world’s oldest and most significant historical libraries, lies the Egyptian mummy Shep-en-Isis. As far as we know, Shep-en-Isis was a priest’s daughter who died in the seventh century BC at the age of around 30. Her resting place, complete with glass coffin, is the “most beautiful mausoleum imaginable”, according to the Abbey Library. But is it Shep-en-Isis’s true resting place? This debate recently resurfaced when local theatre director Milo Rau won the Kulturpreis, St Gallen’s most prestigious cultural award, in November 2022. In his acceptance speech, Rau announced that he would donate his 30,000 Swiss franc prize money towards helping return the mummy to Egypt. He staged an artistic stunt, creating a mock-up of the mummy in her coffin, which he proceeded to wheel through the city. The Shep-en-Isis exhibition is a “constant moral irritation”, Rau lamented. He and other signatories also penned the St Gallen Declaration for Shep-en-Isis, calling the exhibition “thoughtless” if not “predatory and disrespectful” as well as being unacceptable for a city of culture like St Gallen.

Shep-en-Isis in her glass coffin at the St Gallen Abbey Library. Every evening, the library staff honour her with an end-of-day ritual: they cover the coffin with a white veil and close the doors. Photo: Keystone

Originally buried in Luxor

Shep-en-Isis is originally believed to have been buried in Egypt at the Theban Necropolis, across the Nile from Luxor. According to Rau and his fellow signatories, robbers snatched her from her grave. However, the Abbey Library says that this version of events cannot be proved. It argues in a statement on the St Gallen Declaration that it is inaccurate to claim Egypt was plundered in the 18th century. The Abbey Library says that instead French, British and, later, German scientists began to intensively study the culture of ancient Egypt after Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign of 1798–99 – in complete contrast to the Egyptians themselves, who gave their own heritage scant regard. The Abbey Library cites the example of Mohammed Ali, the viceroy of Egypt who in 1830 called one of the now world-famous pyramids of Giza a “pitiful heap”, saying that he wanted to use the “rubble” to build canals. The then French consulate in Alexandria stepped in to prevent the pyramid’s destruction, adds the statement.

The Shep-en-Isis sarcophagus at the St Gallen Abbey Library. Photo: iStock

A question of dignity

Shep-en-Isis ended up in St Gallen around 200 years ago. Philipp Roux, a German businessman, is said to have purchased her remains in Alexandria along with two attendant wooden sarcophaguses. He then sent them to a friend, the politician Karl Müller-Friedberg, who was the founding father of the canton of St Gallen. It is not entirely clear whether Müller-Friedberg received the mummy as a gift or whether he bought it himself. After arriving in St Gallen, Shep-en-Isis was unwrapped down to the shoulders by a group of invited scholars, according to accounts at the time. Following a ceremony, the guests were each allowed to take a piece of the mummy’s bandages home with them. Was this the lack of respect to which Rau is referring? The German ethnologist Wiebke Ahrndt recently said that the social elites in the 19th century often held mummy “unwrapping parties”, whereby mummies would be unwrapped for entertainment at private parties – not only in Europe, but in Egypt itself. This past could no longer be undone. Ahrndt, who has written a set of guidelines on caring for human remains in museums and collections, believes that mummies can be exhibited, provided human dignity and the sensitivities of the country of origin are respected. Not only do Egyptian museums also exhibit mummies, but it was even legal to export mummies until 1983, says Ahrndt. The people who run the Abbey Library are keen to stress that there is no voyeurism involved with regard to Shep-en-Isis, and that they observe standard practice on the display of human remains at museums. Photos that they have provided to the media have even been taken from a distance, showing the mummy’s face from a side-on angle.

Are these explanations sufficient to keep Shep-en-Isis in St Gallen? The Catholic administration of the canton of St Gallen, the body that owns all the Abbey Library holdings, has responded to Rau’s criticism and decided to re-examine the issue, it appears. Three weeks after Rau’s stunt on the streets of St Gallen, the administration’s management board said that it would “look seriously” into the possibility of returning Shep-en-Isis to her homeland, in consultation with the Egyptian authorities.

Property plundered by the Nazis

In Switzerland, probes into the origin of foreign artistic and cultural property, referred to as provenance research, mainly relate to stolen Nazi gold and art from the Second World War. In 2002, a commis­sion of experts headed by the historian Jean-François Bergier submitted a comprehensive report to the Federal Council detailing how Swiss firms cooperated closely with the Nazi regime. Artworks that changed hands during the Nazi era in Germany (1933–1945) ended up in private and public collections. Finding out whether these artworks were looted by the Nazis is now imperative. The Berne Museum of Fine Arts, which accepted the Naziera trove of art dealer Cornelius Gurlitt in 2014, is leading by example in this regard.

The controversy surrounding Gurlitt proved to be a turning point, with the Federal Council subsequently deciding to set aside 500,000 Swiss francs every year to allow Swiss museums to carry out provenance research. A relatively small amount of money but at least it gets the ball rolling, says Joachim Sieber, who chairs the Swiss provenance research working group (SAP).

According to the Federal Office of Culture, cultural property is a concrete witness of culture and history, holding a special place for the identity of the individual as well as the community as a whole. It defines the self-image and social cohesion of a society. This is why protecting cultural heritage today is one of the important duties of a state.

Colonial legacy moving into political spotlight

Swiss provenance researchers must now wade through another weighty issue: cultural property derived from trade in the colonial era. This may seem paradoxical, given that Switzerland has never had any colonies. However, Switzerland “was and is part of Europe’s colonial conversation”, according to Sieber. Precisely because it was not a colonial power, both Switzerland and its businesses were regarded as trustworthy partners by the new nations that achieved autonomy or outright independence from their European colonial rulers after 1945. Berne is slowly starting to revisit this legacy, as numerous parliamentary debates, motions and interventions have already shown, says Sieber, “even if this process is painful as it poses awkward questions with regard to Swiss neutrality and Switzerland’s view of itself as a nation built on equality, solidarity and humanitarianism”.

 
 
Domestic spat over a globe

A domestic spat broke out in Switzerland almost 300 years after Zurich troops stole the 2.3-metre-high St Gallen Globe and a number of valuable manuscripts from the Abbey Library during the Toggenburg War of 1712. Many of the looted artefacts were returned under a peace treaty, but Zurich kept the globe for itself. Almost three centuries later, a legal squabble over who were the rightful owners of the globe almost ended up before the Federal Supreme Court. This was after the cantonal government of St Gallen expressed its grievance in 1996, demanding that Zurich return the globe. The federal government arbitrated in the matter, and a typically Swiss compromise was eventually reached. Zurich was allowed to keep the original at the Swiss National Museum but had to produce a replica for St Gallen. When the replica was handed over in 2009, the National Museum, the St Gallen Abbey Library, and the Zurich Central Library also agreed to develop a joint digital version of the globe. Produced in collaboration with the Zurich University of the Arts, the digital globe has been available to view online since December 2022 (www.3dglobus.ch). It seems that St Gallen and Zurich have finally buried the hatchet.

Part of a worldwide debate

Various European countries are now wrestling with the implications of looted art from the colonial era. Some nations, like the Netherlands, have made official apologies. The Belgian and British royal families have expressed regret, but made no apology, for their respective countries’ past actions. Others have backed their words with actions. At the end of 2022, for example, Germany became the first nation to begin returning its Benin Bronzes to Nigeria. The Kingdom of Benin, in today’s Nigeria, was attacked by British colonial troops in 1897. Thousands of brass and bronze sculptures were plundered from its royal palace and traded as artworks, ending up in collections around the world. Nigeria now wants these items to be recognised as plundered art. It is less well known that Swiss museums also house 100 or so items suspected to have come from Benin. Eight Swiss museums have come together under the leadership of Zurich’s Rietberg Museum to form the Swiss Benin Initiative (SBI). Funded by the Federal Office of Culture, the SBI seeks to ensure transparency for researchers as well as open dialogue with Nigeria. A key element in how we deal with cultural property is indeed dialogue. Speaking on French-language Swiss radio back in 2017 after French President Emmanuel Macron’s pledge to return African treasures, the Genevabased anthropologist and museologist Bansoa Sigam stressed that the global north and south needed to become equal partners. Decolonisation meant “being honest with your own history and finding solutions”. This could lead to the “common global history” advocated by Swiss historian Bernhard C. Schär, who believes it is a mistake to view and teach the history of Europe in isolation. History is always the result of interaction between people, he says.

What Shep-en-Isis probably looked like – Italian forensic experts used computer tomography data to put together this forensic facial reconstruction of the mummy in early 2022. Photo: IMAGO

Repatriation is not the only solution

According to estimates, over 90 per cent of Africa’s cultural heritage was looted during the colonial era and is currently held not in Africa but in Europe and the United States. Are all these treasures now to be returned? No, says Joachim Sieber, repatriation is not the only solution. For example, another option is for cultural property to be returned and then repurchased or loaned out on a long-term basis. Museums can also label exhibited artefacts with the names of their original owners. What matters, he adds, is finding a solution in consultation and cooperation with the countries of origin. To return to the original example in this article, there is, therefore, a distinct possibility that the Egyptian government will not even want Shep-en-Isis back and instead make an alternative amicable arrangement with the Catholic administration in St Gallen. In the meantime, Shep-en-Isis currently attracts some 150,000 visitors a year. Every evening, staff at the Abbey Library honour her with an end-of-day ritual. Once all visitors have left the building, they cover the glass coffin with a white veil and recite the mummy’s name – an act of remembrance and a gesture of respect for the Egyptian concept of eternal life.

image.alt
Published in Basel in 1494 and illustrated with woodcuts, “Ship of Fools” by the humanist Sebastian Brant is an allegorical poem satirising the weaknesses and vices of the time.

 
 
Switzerland was also the victim of a cultural heist

Rich countries are the “usual suspects” when it comes to plundered art, but Switzerland itself was once the victim of a heist. The Capuchin friars of Fribourg have kept a beady eye on their valuable library for centuries but were evidently looking the other way when one of the books in their safekeeping, the “Ship of Fools” dating from the 15th century, was stolen during the Second World War. This exceptional work, dating back to the early days of the printing press, resurfaced in 1945 at a New York City book dealer. It was later gifted to one of the world’s largest libraries, the Library of Congress in Washington. The friars were left empty-handed again in 1975, when a thief posing as a Vatican librarian made off with around 20 valuable old manuscripts. Like “Ship of Fools”, these works disappeared and were forgotten – until the beginning of the 2000s, when an employee of the Fribourg Cantonal and University Library (KUB) found out the following: firstly, that the stolen manuscripts had been sold at auctions in Munich in 1975 and 1976, and secondly, that the missing copy of “Ship of Fools” had been located in Washington. The KUB made subsequent enquiries to locate and recover the 20-odd stolen prints. At the end of 2022, the Library of Congress in Washington returned “Ship of Fools” to the canton of Fribourg. The book is now kept at the KUB, where it is available for students and scholars to view.

Further information (in German and French): revue.link/narrenschiff

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  • user
    Hanspeter Moesch, Basel, Schweiz 24.07.2023 At 16:55

    Kulturgüter stiften ganzen Gemeinschaften Identität. So zu lesen im ersten Satz.


    Grundsätzlich richtig. Im Artikel und der Debatte aber geht es darum, wo diese Kulturgüter jetzt sind: Im Heimatland oder irgendwo in einem Land. Etliches an Kulturgütern, erworben oder gekauft durch Kunstsammler - nicht zwingend in der Kolonialzeit - oft im Auftrag von Museen, ist verstreut in einem anderen Land. Konserviert, gepflegt und zur Schau gestellt als Exponat. Nun hat sich der Wind gedreht. Was geraubt aus Opportunität oder gekauft durch Sammler, möchten gewisse Länder jetzt bei sich.


    Für welchen Zweck? Wer nimmt sie entgegen und für welchen Zweck. Oder einfach fürs Volk?


    Nehmen wir ein Beispiel: Die Benin Figuren in Deutschland. Sie wurden kürzlich Benin übergeben im Beisein von Frau Baerbock & Frau Roth. Sind diese Rückgaben nun in einem Museum dort? Nein. Deutschland finanzierte den Bau eines Museums für explizit diese Benin Figuren. Gebaut ist das Museum bis heute nicht. Das Geld wurde für andere "Zwecke" abgebogen. Die Figuren behielten hohe Regierungsangehörige als deren Wächter. Taler, Taler, du musst wandern. In etwa so.

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  • user
    Gerhard Lüthi, Haseldorf, Deutschland 11.07.2023 At 09:08

    Vom Stehlen und Bestohlen werden


    Zum „Kulturgüterstreit unter Eidgenossen“ (Schweizer Revue, März und Mai 2023)



    Merkwürdig, dass bei dem Thema „Stehlen“ und „bestohlen Werden“ der Thurgau nicht auch einmal zur Sprache kommt. Ich bin 1947 in Frauenfeld geboren, als Bürger von Stettfurt (TG). Im Thurgau bin ich 11 Jahre zur Schule gegangen. Sechs Jahre lang bin ich täglich mit dem Velo über die Thurbrücke beim Thurrain gefahren, habe die Thur schon vorher und erst recht seither auf dem gleichen (und anderen) Wegen unzählige Male überquert.


    Die Thurgauer stehlen, heisst es. Statt über das Warum dieser Redensart zu schreiben, wird nach wie vor über sie gewitzelt: Warm führt die MthB (Mittelthurgauer Bahn) auf ihrer Strecke zwischen Kreuzlingen und Will so viele Kurven? Damit der Zugführer sich, mit einem Blick zurück nach jedem Halt überzeugen kann, ob der letzte Wagen noch dran ist. Oder was ist der Unterschied von dem Thurgauer und dem Mond? Der Mond nimmt zu und ab und der Thurgauer nimmt ab und zu. Dazu kommt noch ein Hotelier, der stolz war auf seine gerade renovierten Bäder und bei jeder Gelegenheit darauf anspielte. So hat er seine Gäste morgens jeweils mit der Frage begrüsst, ob sie gut geschlafen haben und dann gleich die Frage hinterhergeschoben: Haben Sie auch ein schönes Bad genommen? Worauf der thurgauische Gast irritiert antwortete: Nein! Warum? Fehlt eines?


    Die Thurnähe ist gleichsam das Echtheitszertifikat für mich als Thurgauer. In der Schule ist uns die Historie dieser Redensart wie folgt beigebracht worden: Der Habsburgische Thurgau wurde 1460 von den Eidgenossen erobert und blieb bis 1798 als gemeine Vogtei deren Untertanenland. Erst 1803 wurde der Thurgau selbständiger Kanton. Da er ein reines Agrarland war, blieb die Bevölkerung fest an ihre Dörfer und Städtchen gebunden und niemand in den Nachbarkantonen kannte sie und ihre Gewohnheiten. Bekannt geworden waren in den alten Kantonen jedoch jene Vögte, die abwechselnd von Kanton zu Kanton jeweils ein Jahr lang im Frauenfelder Schloss residierten, um in diesen 338 Jahren für ihren Kanton Steuern einzutreiben. Wenn die Zürcher, Berner, Urner usw. wirklich kannten, waren also die nach einem Jahr zurückkehrenden Vögte. Um sie als etwas Besonderes auszuzeichnen oder zur Unterscheidung von den Daheimgebliebenen wurden die Vögte als die «Thurgauer» bezeichnet.


    Unter diesen «Thurgauern» waren immer solche, die sich das Jahr über mit Diebstahl persönlich bereichert haben und so die Thurgauer ganz allgemein in Verruf gebracht haben. Verständlich, dass in Anbetracht der Rechtlosigkeit thurgauischer Untertanen solche Raubzüge zu keinen juristischen Folgeerscheinungen geführt haben. Und so spektakulär wie ein entführter Himmelsglobus waren von der Weide weg gestohlene Rinder eben nicht. Und vor allem haben sie keine Spur bis in die Gegenwart hinterlassen.

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  • user
    Sophie Murray-Flatz, USA 03.07.2023 At 14:53

    As a Swiss living abroad with deep roots in St. Gallen, I would hope that Shep-en-Isis would remain in the Abbey Library where she is cared for with love and respect.


    Return the looted items, for they are only "things" and keep our honorary Swiss citizen in a place, along with Saint Othmar and Saint Gall to rest their bones forever.

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  • user
    Toni Cavelti, West Vancouver BC, Canada 12.06.2023 At 16:32

    Es ist immer eine gute Post, die Schweizer Revue.


    Diesmal doppelt interessant:


    #1) Die hübsche Schepenese ist mir bekannt von meinen Jugendjahren in St.Gallen und Student der Katholischen Kantons Realschule. Unser Schulzimmer war direkt über dem Sarkophag und Besuche der Stiftbibliothek waren jährliche Ereignisse. Wer hätte damals geglaubt, dass diese Ruhestätte einmal ein internationales Problem erwecken könnte.


    #2) Rätoromanisch ist, obwohl in St.Gallen aufgewachsen (in Ilanz geboren) und teil einer 10 köpfigen Familie, immer noch unsere Sprache, die wir unter uns brauchen. Unser Rumontsch wurde so wie eine Art Dialekt, ich habe Mühe das echte Romanisch zu Lesen und zu Verstehen.


    Ich wanderte 1954 nach Canada aus, jetzt im Ruhestand mit meiner Gattin Hildegard in West Vancouver BC und gute Familien in der Nähe.

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  • user
    Inés Gonzenbach, Ecuador 30.03.2023 At 14:58

    Interesante tema sobre el patrimonio cultural y a qué país le pertenece!


    Las investigaciones al respecto valen la pena .


    Saludos

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  • user
    Arye-Isaac Ophir, Israel 29.03.2023 At 09:26

    Zum Glück bin ich bis anhin noch keiner unruhigen Mumie begegnet, was offenbar nicht bedeutet, dass jene keine Unruhestifter sind....

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  • user
    Vreni Stähli, Portugal 28.03.2023 At 10:15

    Haben wir Schweizer nicht andere, wichtigere Probleme, als ein Fräulein umzubenennen, tut mir leid,aber das geht nicht in meinen Kopf, lassen wie es ist, wäre das beste.

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  • user
    Franz NANNI, Schagen, Southafrica 28.03.2023 At 09:08

    Fräulein .. na und, besser als Frau! bezahlen... oder Service bezahlen... Bei mir sage ich: Darling, kann ich die bill haben.. und bekomme ein warmes Lächeln... es ist halt so, der Ton macht die Musik. Ja und die Mumie.. Würde ist doch schlicht guguseli. Die hat die Würde schon verloren, als man sie ausgenommen hat. Und ausserdem: Muss alles geaendert werden? Hat die Schweiz nicht andere Probleme als gendern und fremdschämen? "Engstirnig" ist wohl der treffendste Ausdruck.

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  • user
    Erich Baumann, Pemberton, Kanada 28.03.2023 At 06:32

    If it is important to the Egyptians, Schepanese's mummy should be returned to Egypt - no question. The time is long gone when keeping cultural objects from foreign lands could be kept by European countries was acceptable.

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    • user
      Arye-Isaac Ophir, Israel 30.03.2023 At 19:45

      Ob das so einfach ist? Die Mumie ist nun mal in der Schweiz und hat da wohl auch ihren Bildungswert gerade für die Nichtägypter, was ja auch im Interesse der Ägypter ist, wo es zudem an Mumien nicht mangelt. Im völkisch historischen Sinne: Die einzig ethnischen Erben sind nicht die völkischen Ägypter von heute, sondern - wenn überhaupt - die Kopten.

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    • user
      Adnane Ben Chaabane, Tunis 31.03.2023 At 17:53

      Such agreement could be discussed bilaterally between stakeholders. Having some cultural objects overseas could help to promote culture. It can also be a vector of promotion bringing it nearer.

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  • user
    Adnane Ben Chaabane, Tunis 27.03.2023 At 10:05

    Que l'on soit conscient que le bien ne nous appartient pas dénote d'une honnêteté appréciable. Il faut s'en féliciter ! D'autres pays demeurent dans le déni et continuent à se considérer comme éternels colonisateurs ayant tous les droits. Faut-il restituer toutes ces oeuvres ou bien pouvons-nous accepter d'en avoir certaines éparpillées de par le monde ? Je pense qu'avoir certaines oeuvres hors du pays d'origine pourrait servir comme vecteur de propagation de la culture. Par ailleurs, permettre à ceux qui ne peuvent pas s'y rendre d'avoir l'aopportunité de découvrir et d'admirer près de chez eux de telles oeuvres n'est pas une mauvaise chose. Une première découverte tout près, pourrait aussi stimuler l'envie d'aller en découvrir un peu plus dans le pays d'origine. Cela va de soi que tout doit se faire dans la totale légalité et avec le consentement mutuel de tous les parties concernées. Accords bilatéraux et engagements de bonne conservation et de restitution à la première demande. Même le pays d'origine devrait y trouver son compte ....

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  • user
    Joëlle TAILLANDIER, Saint Louise, France 26.03.2023 At 12:18

    La place de Shepenaset est au pays de ses racines, une évidence pour qui dénonce l'ère de la colonisation, le vol des biens d'autrui - un pays autre que le nôtre est aussi "autrui", une communauté dotée de sa propre Histoire, de ses propres valeurs, droits et devoirs.


    Comme Milo RAU et tant d'autres, je souhaite que La Suisse et tous les pays qui se sont accaparés illégalement et illégitimement des vestiges et fragments d'identité d'autres peuples, les leur restituent. Les voleurs se "rachèteront" ainsi une conduite honorable et marqueront leur volonté de reconnaitre à chaque pays tiers, à chaque peuple et civilisation le droit imprescriptible de défendre et mettre eux-mêmes en valeur leurs propres richesses mémorielles, patrimoniales, artistiques, culturelles... et autres (minerais, forêts, plantes, savoir-faire etc...)

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