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Cäsar von Arx | The painful truth

03.10.2025 – Charles Linsmayer

Cäsar von Arx (1895–1949) was Switzerland’s best-known dramatist before 1945.

Cäsar von Arx (1895 – 1949)

Cäsar von Arx’s play “Der heilige Held” (The holy hero) debuted at Schauspielhaus Zurich theatre on 5 March 1936. Leopold Lindtberg was the director. The production portrayed an episode from the Entlebuch rebellion against the city of Lucerne in 1478. Peter Amstalden, who led the revolt, is to be executed unless his father-in-law Niklaus von Flüe pledges support for Lucerne. Von Flüe, a hermit, rejects the ultimatum, and Amstalden is beheaded – at the very moment that von Flüe is conveying a legendary message that will help to calm the troubles. The message of the play? “Serving others is the key to finding God, and searching for God is the key to serving others.” Despite favourable reviews as well as praise from none other than Thomas Mann, who called the play “quintessentially Swiss”, only three poorly attended performances followed. With Switzerland’s playwrights distracted more by other interests than giving their competitors abroad a run for their money, could the theatre-going public have made the conscious decision to stay away?

Down the rabbit hole of Swiss exceptionalism

Cäsar von Arx, born in Basel on 23 May 1895, was nevertheless the most famous Swiss dramatist of his era by some distance. But he, too, fell down the rabbit hole of Swiss exceptionalism – the spiritual defence of the nation referred to as “geistige Landesverteidigung”. Taking prompts from Schiller, Shakespeare and Arnold Ott, von Arx never hit the same chords as those of his avant-garde peers. History was his domain. Swiss history in particular. After “General Suter” flopped in Berlin in 1932, he became more entrenched then ever. “Someone else should write for those insolent city-dwelling Jews,” he raged in a letter to his father, before putting pen to paper on three further chapters in Swiss history.

“The ‘normal person’ in this ‘era of electricity’ would laugh at anyone who says that a lit torch is worth preserving as much as the electric light bulb. But what if the power in the light bulb runs out one day? Won’t the torchbearer again become our Prometheus? Why, then, does anyone have the right to deride me or go so far as to call me a dinosaur, just because I cultivate self-knowledge and the uniqueness of personality in this era of technology and individualism? Humans tend to hoist what they deem important onto the pedestal of blessed dogma; it is no longer the torchbearer that they appreciate but the electrician.”

(Excerpt from “Der Fakelträger” [The torchbearer]: Cäsar von Arx: Werke IV, edited by Reto Caluori, Schwabe Verlag, Basel 2008)

Photo, taken in 1944, of the dramatist and writer Cäsar von Arx standing in front of his study above Niedererlinsbach (canton of Aargau) where he lived. Photo: Keystone

Anniversary celebrations in 1941

Von Arx’s career highlight came in 1941, when over 100,000 people attended his stage show in Schwyz celebrating 650 years of the Swiss Confederation. Unbeknown to spectators, Federal Councillor Philipp Etter did his utmost to ensure that all mention of refugees and anti-fascism was removed from the script. Von Arx then experienced a rude awakening in 1945. Referring to Max Frisch’s morality play “Nun singen sie wieder” (Now they sing again), he scribbled the following in his diary: “Why is something so simple, calm and profound, so poetic beyond my capacity? It’s always history, history, history. This is the painful truth, and I will have to live with it.” Indeed, von Arx – whose final works were the Zwingli play “Brüder in Christo” (Brothers in Christ) and a performance commemorating the 450th anniversary of the Battle of Dornach – never regained any contemporary standing. “Without my wife’s beautiful optimism, I would have given up the fight long ago,” he admitted to Franz Beidler in 1947. Wife Gertrud died on 14 July 1949, and Von Arx shot himself in his study in Niedererlinsbach a few hours later. “Nulla crux, nulla corona” (“No cross, no crown”) was written on his gravestone. The crown had eluded von Arx, because he was unable to escape his straitjacket.

Bibliography: Cäsar von Arx’s collected works, edited by Armin Arnold, were published in four volumes by Schwabe-Verlag, Basel, from 1986 to 2008.

Charles Linsmayer is a literary scholar and journalist based in Zurich

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